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linux命令for循环

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linux命令for循环（linux

Linux命令行执行root权限的命令？

使用sudo命令，命令格式sudo <需要root权限的具体command>sudo使一般用户不需要知道超级用户的密码即可获得权限。而可以使用sudo命令的用户则由/etc/sudoers配置文件来管理。编辑/etc/sudoers的方法：

1. 先给root用户/etc/sudoers文件的编辑权限，#chmod 740 /etc/sudoers2. #vi /etc/sudoers,进入编辑模式，找到这一行："root ALL=(ALL) ALL"在起下面添加"xxx ALL=(ALL) ALL"(这里的xxx是你的用户名)，然后保存退出。

3. 把/etc/sudoers文件的权限复原，#chmod 440 /etc/sudoers使用sudo后，需要输入一次当前用户的密码进行身份验证（此处注意，并非root用户的密码！），五分钟后，再次使用sudo命令时，需要再次认证。命令实例：$ whoamimao$ sudo whoami password for mao:root$

linux dmesg命令详解？

linux dmesg命令参数及用法详解(linux显示开机信息命令)

功能说明：显示开机信息。

语法：dmesg

补充说明：kernel会将开机信息存储在ring buffer中。您若是开机时来不及查看信息，可利用dmesg来查看。开机信息亦保存在/var/log目录中，名称为dmesg的文件里。

参数：

-c 显示信息后，清除ring buffer中的内容。

-s<缓冲区大小> 预设置为8196，刚好等于ring buffer的大小。

-n 设置记录信息的层级。扩展阅读一:dmesg命令主要用途

主要应用：

dmesg用来显示内核环缓冲区（kernel-ring buffer）内容，内核将各种消息存放在这里。在系统引导时，内核将与硬件和模块初始化相关的信息填到这个缓冲区中。内核环缓冲区中的消息对于诊断系统问题通常非常有用。在运行dmesg时，它显示大量信息。通常通过less或grep使用管道查看dmesg的输出，这样可以更容易找到待查信息。例如，如果发现硬盘性能低下，可以使用dmesg来检查它们是否运行在DMA模式：

$dmesg | grep DMA

...

ide0: BM-DMA at 0xf000-0xf007, BIOS settings: hda:DMA, hdb:DMA

ide1: BM-DMA at 0xf008-0xf00f, BIOS settings: hdc:DMA, hdd:DMA

...上面几行可以说明每个IDE设备正在什么模式下运行。如果以太网连接出现问题，那么可以在dmesg日志中搜索eth：

$dmesg | grep eth

forcedeth.c: Reverse Engineered nForce

ethernet driver. Version 0.49.

eth0: forcedeth.c: subsystem: 0147b:1c00

bound to 0000:00:04.0

eth0: no IPv6 routers present如果一切正常，那么dmesg显示每个网卡的硬件配置信息。如果某项系统服务未能得到正确的配置，dmesg日志很快就填满错误消息，这是诊断故障的良好起点。

还可以用来探测系统内核模块的加载情况，比如要检测ACPI的加载情况，使用dmesg | grep acpi

dmesg |egrep -i \'\'(apm|acpi)\'\'

Kernel command line: vga=274 quiet console=ttyS3,9600acpi=no-idleoot=/dev/hda3

ACPI: Core Subsystem version

ACPI: Subsystem enabled

ACPI: System firmware supports: C2

ACPI: plvl2lat=99 plvl3lat=1001

ACPI: C2 enter=1417 C2 exit=354

ACPI: C3 enter=-1 C3 exit=-1

ACPI: Not using ACPI idle

ACPI: System firmware supports: S0 S1 S4 S5

扩展阅读二：dmesg命令使用示例

使用示例

示例一将开机信息发邮件

man dmesg 写道

The program helps users to print out their bootup messages. Instead of copying the messages by hand, the user need only:

dmesg > boot.messages

and mail the boot.messages file to whoever can debug their problem.

# dmesg >boot.messages

# ls -l boot.messages

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15838 12-09 12 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting

15838 12-09 12 免费 end_of_the_skype_highlighting:55 boot.messages# mail -s "Boot Log of Linux Server" public@web3q.net <boot.messages

#示例二浏览dmesg输出的信息

# uname -a

Linux new55 2.6.18-194.el5 #1 SMP Tue Mar 16 21:52:43 EDT 2010 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux# dmesg | less

Linux version 2.6.18-194.el5 (mockbuild@x86-007.build.bos.redhat.com) (gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-48)) #1 SMP Tue Mar 16 21:52:43 EDT 2010

BIOS-provided physical RAM map:

BIOS-e820: 0000000000010000 - 000000000009fc00 (usable)

BIOS-e820: 000000000009fc00 - 00000000000a0000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000000e0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 0000000000100000 - 000000001f7d0000 (usable)

BIOS-e820: 000000001f7d0000 - 000000001f7efc00 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 000000001f7efc00 - 000000001f7fb000 (ACPI NVS)

BIOS-e820: 000000001f7fb000 - 000000001f800000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000e0000000 - 00000000f0000000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000fec00000 - 00000000fec02000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000fed20000 - 00000000fed9b000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000feda0000 - 00000000fedc0000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000ffb00000 - 00000000ffc00000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000fff00000 - 0000000100000000 (reserved)

0MB HIGHMEM available.

503MB LOWMEM available.

Memory for crash kernel (0x0 to 0x0) notwithin permissible range

disabling kdump

Using x86 segment limits to approximate NX protection

On node 0 totalpages: 128976

DMA zone: 4096 pages, LIFO batch:0

Normal zone: 124880 pages, LIFO batch:31

DMI 2.3 present.

Using APIC driver default

ACPI: RSDP (v000 HP ) @ 0x000fe270

ACPI: RSDT (v001 HP 30C4 0x31100620 HP 0x00000001) @ 0x1f7efc84

ACPI: FADT (v002 HP 30C4 0x00000002 HP 0x00000001) @ 0x1f7efc00

ACPI: MADT (v001 HP 30C4 0x00000001 HP 0x00000001) @ 0x1f7efcb8

ACPI: MCFG (v001 HP 30C4 0x00000001 HP 0x00000001) @ 0x1f7efd14

ACPI: SSDT (v001 HP HPQPpc 0x00001001 MSFT 0x0100000e) @ 0x1f7f6698

ACPI: DSDT (v001 HP DAU00 0x00010000 MSFT 0x0100000e) @ 0x00000000

ACPI: PM-Timer IO Port: 0x1008

ACPI: Local APIC address 0xfec01000

ACPI: LAPIC (acpi_id lapic_id enabled)

Processor #0 6:13 APIC version 20

ACPI: LAPIC_NMI (acpi_id high edge lint)

ACPI: IOAPIC (id address gsi_base)

IOAPIC: apic_id 1, version 32, address 0xfec00000, GSI 0-23

示例三查看dmesg尾部的信息

# dmesg | tail

Bluetooth: L2CAP ver 2.8

Bluetooth: L2CAP socket layer initialized

Bluetooth: RFCOMM socket layer initialized

Bluetooth: RFCOMM TTY layer initialized

Bluetooth: RFCOMM ver 1.8

Bluetooth: HIDP (Human Interface Emulation) ver 1.1

eth0: no IPv6 routers present

NFSD: Using /var/lib/nfs/v4recovery as the NFSv4 state recovery directory

NFSD: starting 90-second grace period

示例四安装SS7卡驱动时的内核日志

# cd SS7HD_DRIVER/

# ls

bbdddlnx_iss.h bbd_hbi.h bbd_ioc.c bbd_isr.c bbd_pci.c BSD_license.txt GPL_V2-only_license.txt install_ss7hd.sh Makefile26

bbd_def.h bbd_hs.c bbd_ioc.h bbd_lnx.c bbd_pro.h build_ss7hd.sh i21555.h Makefile24

# ./build_ss7hd.sh

make: Entering directory `/usr/src/kernels/2.6.9-22.EL-i686\'

CC /root/setup/ss7dpklnx/SS7HD_DRIVER/bbd_hs.o

CC /root/setup/ss7dpklnx/SS7HD_DRIVER/bbd_ioc.o

CC /root/setup/ss7dpklnx/SS7HD_DRIVER/bbd_isr.o

CC /root/setup/ss7dpklnx/SS7HD_DRIVER/bbd_pci.o

CC /root/setup/ss7dpklnx/SS7HD_DRIVER/bbd_lnx.o

LD /root/setup/ss7dpklnx/SS7HD_DRIVER/ss7hddvr26.o

Building modules, stage 2.

MODPOST

CC /root/setup/ss7dpklnx/SS7HD_DRIVER/ss7hddvr26.mod.o

LD /root/setup/ss7dpklnx/SS7HD_DRIVER/ss7hddvr26.ko

make: Leaving directory `/usr/src/kernels/2.6.9-22.EL-i686\'http://www.linuxso.com/command/dmesg.html# ./install_ss7hd.sh

# lsmod | grep ss7

ss7hddvr26 25808 0

# dmesg | tail

ACPI: PCI interrupt 0000:02:0d.0 -> GSI 9 (level, low) -> IRQ 9

BBD 64bit

SS7HD - suspend

Dialogic SS7HD Device Driver V100.00 (Source V1.21)

Using major device number 251.

ACPI: PCI interrupt 0000:02:0d.0 -> GSI 9 (level, low) -> IRQ 9

BBD 64bit

# ./install_ss7hd.sh remove

# lsmod | grep ss7

# dmesg | tail

BBD 64bit

SS7HD - suspend

Dialogic SS7HD Device Driver V100.00 (Source V1.21)

Using major device number 251.

ACPI: PCI interrupt 0000:02:0d.0 -> GSI 9 (level, low) -> IRQ 9

BBD 64bit

SS7HD - suspend

示例五打印并清除内核环形缓冲区

# dmesg -c

Linux version 2.6.18-194.el5 (mockbuild@x86-007.build.bos.redhat.com) (gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-48)) #1 SMP Tue Mar 16 21:52:43 EDT 2010

BIOS-provided physical RAM map:

BIOS-e820: 0000000000010000 - 000000000009fc00 (usable)

BIOS-e820: 000000000009fc00 - 00000000000a0000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000000e0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 0000000000100000 - 000000001f7d0000 (usable)

BIOS-e820: 000000001f7d0000 - 000000001f7efc00 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 000000001f7efc00 - 000000001f7fb000 (ACPI NVS)

BIOS-e820: 000000001f7fb000 - 000000001f800000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000e0000000 - 00000000f0000000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000fec00000 - 00000000fec02000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000fed20000 - 00000000fed9b000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000feda0000 - 00000000fedc0000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000ffb00000 - 00000000ffc00000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000fff00000 - 0000000100000000 (reserved)

0MB HIGHMEM available.

503MB LOWMEM available.

Memory for crash kernel (0x0 to 0x0) notwithin permissible range

disabling kdump

Using x86 segment limits to approximate NX protection

On node 0 totalpages: 128976

DMA zone: 4096 pages, LIFO batch:0

Normal zone: 124880 pages, LIFO batch:31

DMI 2.3 present.省略输出

Bluetooth: HIDP (Human Interface Emulation) ver 1.1

eth0: no IPv6 routers present

NFSD: Using /var/lib/nfs/v4recovery as the NFSv4 state recovery directory

NFSD: starting 90-second grace period

# dmesg# less /var/log/dmesg

Linux version 2.6.18-194.el5 (mockbuild@x86-007.build.bos.redhat.com) (gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-48)) #1 SMP Tue Mar 16 21:52:43 EDT 2010

BIOS-provided physical RAM map:

BIOS-e820: 0000000000010000 - 000000000009fc00 (usable)

BIOS-e820: 000000000009fc00 - 00000000000a0000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000000e0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 0000000000100000 - 000000001f7d0000 (usable)

BIOS-e820: 000000001f7d0000 - 000000001f7efc00 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 000000001f7efc00 - 000000001f7fb000 (ACPI NVS)

BIOS-e820: 000000001f7fb000 - 000000001f800000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000e0000000 - 00000000f0000000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000fec00000 - 00000000fec02000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000fed20000 - 00000000fed9b000 (reserved)

BIOS-e820: 00000000feda0000 - 00000000fedc0000 (reserved)